European History Assessments

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The Black Death, a devastating pandemic in the mid-14th century, led to a massive population decline in Europe, profoundly affecting its social and economic structures.

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Florence is often considered the birthplace and cultural center of the Renaissance, famous for its art, architecture, and intellectual activity.

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The Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588 largely due to severe weather conditions and the effective naval tactics employed by the English fleet.

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Nicolaus Copernicus was the scientist who proposed the heliocentric model, stating that the Sun is at the center of the universe, which was a revolutionary idea at the time.

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Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation by posting the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, challenging the practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.

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The Congress of Vienna in 1815 concluded the Napoleonic Wars and sought to restore the pre-war territorial and political order in Europe.

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Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King," ruled France for 72 years, from 1643 to 1715, and is known for his absolute monarchy and the construction of the Palace of Versailles.

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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914 is widely regarded as the immediate cause that sparked World War I.

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Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD, marking the foundation of the Carolingian Empire.

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The Glorious Revolution involved the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, leading to the establishment of constitutional monarchy with William III and Mary II.